【Framework】–Diff & Comm；in Quantities；Within & Between data groups Summary： what’s the framework? Group 1: why grouping (commonality)? comparison and key features? Group 2: why grouping (commonality)? comparison and key features? Conclusion (bonus): additional information or reasonable interpretation
What’s the framework? The bar chart demonstrates the coffee-and-tea buying and drinking preferences of residents in five Australian cities. It shows the proportion of residents who bought fresh or instant coffee, and those that went to a cafe or tea in the last four weeks. -tense -paraphrasing -framework: two axes & data groups
Group1:（外部差异） -why grouping (commonality)? -comparison and key features? According to the chart, most residents in the cities went out for coffee or tea- over 60% in Sydney, Melbourne, and Hobart, and around 55% in Brisbane; these numbers are generally much higher than those of buying fresh or instant coffee. Adelaide is an exception with slightly less than half of its people going out, also one or two percent lower than buying instant coffee.
-tense -why grouping? -internal comm & diff -external comm & diff
Group2:（内部差异） -why grouping (commonality)?
- comparison and key features? Among those who bought coffee, around half (45-55%) of the people in the cities bought instant coffee; on the other hand, fewer people bought fresh coffee though the difference varied: from a few percent in Sydney and Melbourne to about half the number of those who bought instant coffee in Brisbane, Adelaide, and Hobart.
-tense -why grouping? -internal comm & diff
Conclusion (bonus) -additional information or reasonable interpretation
In conclusion, most residents in the five Australian cities drink coffee or tea, and they seem to prefer convenient ways of drinking (coffee or tea from a shop or instant coffee) to making their own drink (fresh).
【writing sample】
Example 1-Bar graphs
柱状图展示了澳大利亚五个城市居民购买和饮用咖啡和茶的习惯。具体来说，它比较了过去四周内去咖啡馆喝咖啡或茶的人数比例，以及购买新鲜咖啡或速溶咖啡的人数比例。 总体而言，在悉尼、墨尔本和霍巴特，去咖啡馆是最受欢迎的活动，超过 60% 的居民有这种习惯。同样，布里斯班约有 55% 的居民光顾咖啡馆，而阿德莱德的这一比例略低于 50%，是唯一一个光顾咖啡馆的比例低于购买速溶咖啡的城市。 在购买咖啡方面，所有城市都有一半左右的居民喜欢速溶咖啡，而新鲜咖啡则普遍不受欢迎。这两类咖啡之间的差距从悉尼和墨尔本的微弱差距到布里斯班、阿德莱德和霍巴特的显著差距不等，在这些城市，购买新鲜咖啡的人数约占购买速溶咖啡人数的一半。 这些模式表明，这五个城市的居民在购买咖啡和茶时将便利性放在首位，这反映在他们更喜欢去咖啡馆或购买速溶咖啡，而不是选择新鲜咖啡。
一、表示对比： （一）两者对比 1.不论时间，A与B相比 A比B高 A towers over B by a substantial differential of XXX （A 比 B 高出 XXX 的巨大差距） A is of double the magnitude as compared to B, （A 是 B 的两倍） A is twice the magnitude of B,（A 是 B 的两倍） 2.同一年份，A与B相比 Contrasting withe the figure of 60 recorded for A in 2000, the corresponding quantity for B in the same timeframe was markedly superior, estimated around 100. 3.不同年份，A与B相比 In 2001, A’s count stood at 100, a figure which paled in comparison by 20 to B’s tally recorded in 2002. （二）三者对比 The quantity of A stands at 100, whereas both B and C outstrip this figure with respective number of 110 and 120. （三）特殊个体对比 A’s quantity presents a notable anomaly, showing substantial deviation from the other data, exceedomh average by 30.
二、幅度 （一）描述增长的幅度（减少是同理的： decrease/decline/drop/downturn）
- 轻微增长：A slight/ marginal/modest/minor increase/rise/ uptick
- 中等增长：A moderate/noticeable/significant increase/rise/ uptick
- 大幅增长：A dramatic/substantial/significant/sharp/steep increase/rise
- 极大增长：An exponential increase;A considerable surge; A remarkable rise （二）描述波动和变换
- 轻微波动：Slight fluctuations/Minor variations
- 明显波动：Noticeable fluctuations/Moderate variations
- 剧烈波动：Significant fluctuations/Drastic changes/Major variations
- 稳定状态：Remained stable/No significant change 示例句子
- There was a slight increase in the number of students enrolled in online courses, rising from 200 to 220.
- The data shows a dramatic decrease in sales during the winter months, dropping from 1,000 units to 600 units.
- The population experiencedmoderate fluctuations over the past five years, with numbers increasing and decreasing by approximately 10% each year.
- After anexponential increase in website traffic, the number stabilized at around 5,000 visitors per month.
三、描述比例的短语 1.整体比例：Approximately / Roughly / About X% of…; A large proportion of… 2.具体分布：The majority (of)…; A minority (of)…; A significant portion (of)…; A small fraction (of)… 3.比较比例：Compared to…; In contrast to…; As opposed to…; Relative to… 4.强调差异：A greater percentage of…; A smaller percentage of…; The difference between X and Y is…
四、复杂句式 1.使用“of”进行解释：Out of a total of X participants, approximately Y (Z%) expressed… 2.描述比例变化：The percentage of people who… rose from X% to Y% over the last… 3.用“while”连接对比：While X% of… reported…, only Y% of… felt…
五、引入短语 The chart/graph/table illustrates/demonstrate… 概述趋势Overall, it is clear that…; In general, it can be seen that…; The main trend is that…; A noticeable trend is… 描述数据A significant number of…; Approximately/roughly about…;The majority of…; A minority of…; An increase/decrease in…; A rise/fall in… 具体说明For instance/For example,…; To illustrate,…; According to the data,…; This indicates that…; This suggests that… 表达对比In contrast to…; Conversely,…; Unlike…; On the other hand,…; While [A] shows…, [B] illustrates… 描述变化There was a notable increase in…; There was a slight decrease in…; The number of… rose/fell dramatically…; The figure peaked at… before declining… 结论和总结In conclusion,…; To sum up,…; Overall, the data indicates that…; It is important to consider… 常用形容词Significant; Notable; Moderate; Marginal; Consistent; Fluctuating 量词和程度副词A large/small number of…; A substantial amount of…; A considerable degree of…; Slightly; Dramatically; Significantly 示例句子 The graph shows a significant increase in the number of people using public transport over the last decade. A large number of respondents indicated that they prefer online shopping to traditional shopping. In contrast, the percentage of people who engage in outdoor activities has decreased steadily.
六、描述占据和占比的短语
- 占据一定比例：Occupy a certain percentage of…; Account for a specific portion of…; Represent a certain share of…
- 具体占比：Approximately X% of…; About Y% of…; Roughly Z% of…; A large proportion of…
- 强调主要部分：The majority of…; A significant portion of…; A substantial percentage of…
- 比较占比：Compared to…; In comparison to…; As opposed to…; Relative to…
- 描述变化：The percentage of… increased/decreased from X% to Y%; There was a rise/fall in the proportion of… from X% to Y%.
示例句子:占据一定比例：The technology sector occupies approximately 30% of the overall job market. 具体占比：About 25% of respondents reported feeling satisfied with the service. 强调主要部分: The majority of participants (60%) preferred online shopping over traditional retail. 比较占比：Compared to last year, the proportion of people using public transport has significantly increased. 描述变化：The percentage of students studying abroad increased from 15% to 25% over the last five years.
static charts - general expressions: at A, B and C respectively extent more more, overtake, outnumber, big/ wide/ clear gap between…, more likely to … significant, slight,gentle, mild, mere, in comparison less less, decrease, shrink, small/ narrow gap between…， less likely to, only equal same, equal close approximately, about, around, just below/ above, similar, close to
【multiples】 increase comparison multiples double, triple, quadrupe A is three times as large as B; A is three times that of B
【weights】
almost, just, a little, about, approximately
percentage weight 20% a fifth 24% almost a quarter 31% just less than a third 48% a litthle under half 77% about three quarters 92% approximately 9 out of 10
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